Getting the news of an abnormal pap smear result is unsettling. But there is good news: abnormal pap smears are common, and most are not cancer. Here’s what women should know and what to expect next from board-certified OB/GYN Dr. Kirk Lammi.
Don’t Panic: Abnormal Pap Smears Are Common
An abnormal Pap smear simply means that some cervical cells don’t look typical under a microscope. In many cases, these changes are caused by an infection—most often human papillomavirus (HPV) and not cervical cancer.
“The most important step is to follow up with your healthcare provider promptly, so they can determine whether monitoring or additional testing is needed,” says Dr. Lammi.
What Happens After an Abnormal Pap Smear?
If follow-up is needed, your provider may recommend a colposcopy, also known as a cervical biopsy. This in-office procedure is similar to a pap smear and usually takes just a few minutes.
During a colposcopy:
- A magnifying device called a colposcope is used to get a closer look at the cervix.
- A mild acetic acid solution (similar to vinegar) is applied to help highlight abnormal cells.
- If areas of concern are seen, your doctor may collect tiny tissue samples for testing (a biopsy).
“‘Biopsy’ sounds intimidating but most patients tolerate the procedure well, and give us important information about cell changes, Dr. Lammi adds.
Understanding Colposcopy Results
Results typically fall into one of three categories:
- Low-grade changes: Low-grade results mean the abnormal cells are mild. In many cases, these changes resolve on their own without treatment and do not progress to cancer. You may need to repeat pap smears or HPV testing in about one year.
- Moderate to high-grade changes: Moderate or high-grade results indicate more significant cell changes that are less likely to resolve without treatment. In these cases, your provider may recommend a procedure called LEEP to remove abnormal cells to prevent them from developing into cervical cancer. When caught early, treatment is highly effective.
The Role of HPV and Prevention
HPV is the leading cause of cervical cancer. While many HPV infections clear on their own, persistent infection with high-risk strains can lead to abnormal cervical changes over time.
The HPV vaccine is the safest and most effective way to help prevent HPV-related cervical changes before they occur. Even adults who are already sexually active may still benefit from vaccination. Talk with your provider about whether the HPV vaccine is right for you.
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An abnormal Pap smear is not a cancer diagnosis, but it’s very important to follow up. Cervical cancer is largely preventable. Schedule your annual gynecological visit with Dr. Lammi or another Women’s Health provider here.